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A revision of Taeniolabis (Mammalia: Multituberculata), with a new species from the Puercan of eastern Montana
- Nancy B. Simmons
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- Journal:
- Journal of Paleontology / Volume 61 / Issue 4 / July 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 July 2015, pp. 794-808
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The largest known member of the mammalian order Multituberculata is the taeniolabidid Taeniolabis, which is known from Puercan (early Paleocene) localities in northern New Mexico, Utah, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan. A locality in the Ludlow Formation of southeastern Montana has produced remains of a new species, T. lamberti n. sp., which is based on a well-preserved dentary with teeth. Isolated teeth from the Tullock Formation of northeastern Montana are referred to T. lamberti n. sp. and Taeniolabis sp.
Taeniolabis triserialis, known exclusively from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, is shown to be a junior synonym of T. taoensis. Taeniolabis sulcatus, the type species of the genus, is recognized as a nomen dubium and is synonymized with T. taoensis based on general morphology and occurrence in the same stratigraphic unit and collecting area (lower part of the Nacimiento Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico). The name T. taoensis is retained for this taxon in the interest of nomenclatorial stability. These synonymies limit to one the number of species of Taeniolabis recognized in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. It is proposed that T. taoensis be designated the new type species of the genus Taeniolabis.
New Myzopodidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) from the Late Paleogene of Egypt and Their Biogeographic Implications for the Origin of Noctilionoid Bats
- Gregg F. Gunnell, Nancy B. Simmons, Erik R. Seiffert
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- Journal:
- The Paleontological Society Special Publications / Volume 13 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 July 2017, p. 85
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- 2014
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Frontmatter
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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- 05 June 2012
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- 29 March 2012, pp i-iv
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Evolutionary History of Bats
- Fossils, Molecules and Morphology
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Nancy B. Simmons
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- 05 June 2012
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- 29 March 2012
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Advances in morphological and molecular methods continue to uncover new information on the origin and evolution of bats. Presenting some of the most remarkable discoveries and research involving living and fossil bats, this book explores their evolutionary history from a range of perspectives. Phylogenetic studies based on both molecular and morphological data have established a framework of evolutionary relationships that provides a context for understanding many aspects of bat biology and diversification. In addition to detailed studies of the relationships and diversification of bats, the topics covered include the mechanisms and evolution of powered flight, evolution and enhancement of echolocation, feeding ecology, population genetic structure, ontogeny and growth of facial form, functional morphology and evolution of body size. The book also examines the fossil history of bats from their beginnings over 50 million years ago to their diversification into one of the most globally wide-spread orders of mammals living today.
2 - Systematics and paleobiogeography of early bats
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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- 05 June 2012
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- 29 March 2012, pp 23-66
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Summary
Introduction
The phylogenetic and geographic origins of most extant mammalian orders are still poorly documented. Many first appear in the fossil record during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at the beginning of the Eocene epoch about 55.5 million years ago (Smith et al., 2006). However, three prominent orders are exceptions to this pattern. Rodents first appeared in North America about 0.5–1.0 million years before the PETM, but probably had an Asian origin like other Glires (Meng et al., 2003). Bats and whales are not known with any certainty before Middle Ypresian, about 54 mya.
The earliest known bats are small, insectivorous forms that are preserved in both terrestrial and lacustrine fossil faunas. Their phylogenetic and geographic origins are still unknown, although the absence of clear transitional forms in the fossil record suggests that bat origins are potentially either quite ancient or their evolution from non-volant mammals was quite rapid. Although morphological evidence has generally supported an origin from within Euarchontoglires, sequence data from multiple genes strongly supports an origin of bats from within Laurasiatheria (Springer et al., 2003; Gunnell and Simmons, 2005).
The oldest known fossil bats are early-middle Early Eocene taxa, and the first members of modern bat families and superfamilies seem to appear in the fossil record in the Middle Eocene (Gunnell and Simmons, 2005). We thus here restrict the term “early bats” to the species known from the Early and early-middle Middle Eocene (Ypresian and Lutetian, and global equivalents, encompassing European mammalian reference levels MP7 through MP13). These early bats mainly include “eochiropterans” (Eochiroptera Van Valen 1979 is a controversial paraphyletic group composed of primitive taxa; see Simmons and Geisler, 1998 for an overview) and a few taxa belonging to the first members of modern families.
Plate section
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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Preface
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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- 05 June 2012
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Summary
Preface
In 2007, the editors (Gregg F. Gunnell and Nancy B. Simmons), along with graduate student Thomas P. Eiting, organized a symposium for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology meeting in Austin, TX. This symposium was designed to explore bat evolution by using both morphological and molecular data, and to better elucidate where results gleaned from different data and methodologies agreed and disagreed. It was (and is) our contention that both sets of data are essential to fully understanding the evolutionary history of any group of organisms, and we set out to demonstrate this at the Austin meeting. The symposium was very successful and several participants expressed an interest in contributing to a symposium volume.
During this same time frame, one of the editors (GFG) was aiding in the development of a book series for Cambridge University Press that emphasizes the importance of both molecular and morphological data, and it was decided that a book on bat evolution would be appropriate for the series. Many species of bats have been sampled genetically, and bats have a long history of morphological study because of their unique ability to fly and to navigate by echolocation. Bats also have a rich fossil record extending back over 50 million years, and a geographic distribution that spans most of the globe. Several studies have explored the genetics and morphology of bats and have found much common ground (unlike in some other groups of organisms where there has been more contention than compatibility). These facts, and the enthusiastic support of our authors, led us to propose this volume.
Index
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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- 05 June 2012
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- 29 March 2012, pp 556-560
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Contents
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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- 05 June 2012
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- 29 March 2012, pp v-vi
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16 - Early evolution of body size in bats
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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- 29 March 2012, pp 530-555
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Summary
Introduction
Size is the single most important factor affecting physiology, locomotion, ecology and behavior of mammals (MacNab, 2007 and citations therein). Understanding evolution of size is important in all organisms, but especially so in cases like bats which exhibit many energetically expensive behaviors (e.g., powered flight, echolocation, long-distance migration), as well as characteristics that represent extreme energy-saving mechanisms (e.g., torpor and hibernation). Most bat species are small: from data in Smith et al. (2004), the central tendency in size in extant bats, as estimated by the median value, is around 14 g (Figure 16.1). However, size in bats as a group spans three orders of magnitude, ranging from 2–3 g (e.g., Craseonycteris, Thyroptera, Furipterus, some vespertilionids; Smith et al., 2004) to a few species exceeding 1 kg (e.g., Acerodon jubatus, Pteropus vampyrus; Kunz and Pierson, 1994). This variation in size scales a number of fundamental traits in bats, including physiological features (e.g., basal metabolic rate; McNab and Bonaccorso, 2001; MacNab, 2003, Speakman and Thomas, 2003); aerodynamic performance (Norberg, 1986, 1990; Rayner, 1986; Watts et al., 2001); dimensions of limb bones and their biomechanical properties (Swartz, 1997, 1998; Swartz and Middleton, 2008); behaviors (e.g., extreme dietary habits like carnivory; Norberg and Fenton, 1988); echolocation call parameters (Jones, 1999); and most life-history traits (e.g., litter mass; Hayssen and Kunz, 1996). These traits likely have an important phylogenetic component of variation, as has been shown, for instance, for the relationship of basal metabolic rate to body mass (Cruz-Neto et al., 2001; cf. MacNab, 2007). Besides the many dependent variables responding to body mass in various ways, size is a fundamental trait that should be understood by itself as an evolving character in bat lineages.
Contributors
- Edited by Gregg F. Gunnell, Duke University, North Carolina, Nancy B. Simmons, American Museum of Natural History, New York
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- Evolutionary History of Bats
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- 05 June 2012
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- 29 March 2012, pp vii-x
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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A phylogenetic supertree of the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
- KATE E. JONES, ANDY PURVIS, ANN MacLARNON, OLAF R. P. BININDA-EMONDS, NANCY B. SIMMONS
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- Biological Reviews / Volume 77 / Issue 2 / May 2002
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- 05 June 2002, pp. 223-259
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- May 2002
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We present the first estimate of the phylogenetic relationships among all 916 extant and nine recently extinct species of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera), a group that accounts for almost one-quarter of extant mammalian diversity. This phylogeny was derived by combining 105 estimates of bat phylogenetic relationships published since 1970 using the supertree construction technique of Matrix Representation with Parsimony (MRP). Despite the explosive growth in the number of phylogenetic studies of bats since 1990, phylogenetic relationships in the order have been studied non-randomly. For example, over one-third of all bat systematic studies to date have focused on relationships within Phyllostomidae, whereas relationships within clades such as Kerivoulinae and Murinae have never been studied using cladistic methods. Resolution in the supertree similarly differs among clades: overall resolution is poor (46.4% of a fully bifurcating solution) but reaches 100% in some groups (e.g. relationships within Mormoopidae). The supertree analysis does not support a recent proposal that Microchiroptera is paraphyletic with respect to Megachiroptera, as the majority of source topologies support microbat monophyly. Although it is not a substitute for comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of primary molecular and morphological data, the bat supertree provides a useful tool for future phylogenetic comparative and macroevolutionary studies. Additionally, it identifies clades that have been little studied, highlights groups within which relationships are controversial, and like all phylogenetic studies, provides preliminary hypotheses that can form starting points for future phylogenetic studies of bats.
2 - Bat phylogeny: an evolutionary context for comparative studies
- Edited by Rick A. Adams, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, Scott C. Pedersen, South Dakota State University
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- Book:
- Ontogeny, Functional Ecology, and Evolution of Bats
- Published online:
- 17 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 15 June 2000, pp 9-58
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
Evolution is one of the unifying theories of modern biology. The fact that organisms (including bats) can and have evolved requires us to consider the historical origins of traits when seeking to understand the similarities and differences among taxa. Evolution may act upon any aspect of organisms, including their biochemistry, ontogeny, morphology, ecology, and behavior. Understanding modern patterns of diversity clearly requires an evolutionary perspective.
One of the principal methods available for addressing evolutionary questions is phylogenetic analysis. As generally understood, phylogenetic analysis comprises the gathering and analysis of data to generate and test hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships, usually (but not necessarily) using cladistic methods. A second step, which may be pursued regardless of the source of phylogenetic trees, consists of mapping taxon characteristics onto trees to investigate patterns of evolution of these features. Traits that can be considered in phylogenetic analyses range from DNA sequences and morphological features to behavioral characteristics; the data employed usually reflect both the nature of the questions being asked and the interests and expertise of the researcher.
Phylogenetic studies of bats are being published at an ever-increasing rate, and well-supported phylogenies for many groups are now available. These hypotheses of evolutionary relationships offer unprecedented opportunities for reconstructing historical patterns of change in different bat lineages. In keeping with the nature of this volume, the goals of this chapter are to 1) discuss briefly the types of data now being used to build bat phylogenies and the methods used to evaluate levels of perceived support for alternative phylogenetic hypotheses, 2) summarize the present state of understanding of bat relationships at several taxonomic levels, and 3) provide examples of how bat phylogenies can be used to provide evolutionary interpretations of morphological, ecological, and behavioral traits.